Penis Cancer Cases Are Rising Across The World, Know Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Treatments And Prevention

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Penis cancer, though rare, is becoming more common. Experts predict a 77% rise in cases by 2050 and it is the developing countries currently see the highest rates. As people live longer, the number of cases tends to grow.

Globally, the estimated ASIR and ASMR of penile cancer were 0.80 (per 100,000) and 0.29 (per 100,000) in 2020, equating to 36,068 new cases and 13,211 deaths in 2020, respectively, says a report published in NCBI.

According to the International Journal of Medical Research and Review (IJMRR), Penile cancer is an unusual malignancy with higher incidence rates in developing countries like India when compared to the Western world. Incidence varies from 0.7 to 2.3 cases per 100,000 men in urban India and 3 cases per 100,000 men in rural India.

HPV And Its Role In Penis Cancer

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are found in about half of squamous cell cancer cases. HPV spreads through skin contact and is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections globally. More than 70% of sexually active adults will contract HPV, usually during adolescence.
Infections often don't show symptoms and can clear up within months or years without causing long-term issues. However, previous HPV infection does not protect against future infections. These viruses can linger just below the skin's surface, leading to changes in skin texture and colour known as "pre-malignant changes".
HPV 16 is particularly dangerous as it can cause malignant changes in various tissues, including those of the penis, cervix, mouth, throat, vulva, vagina, and anus. Fortunately, HPV vaccines have significantly reduced cervical cancer rates. However, their impact on penis cancer will take longer to become evident due to the lengthy period between HPV infection and cancer development.

Penis Cancer Causes

The exact cause of penis cancer is not entirely understood, but several factors are known to contribute to its development. These include:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: HPV is one of the most significant risk factors for penis cancer. Certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, are linked to the development of penile malignancies.
Poor Hygiene: Poor personal hygiene, especially in uncircumcised men, can lead to chronic infections and inflammation, increasing the risk of penis cancer.
Phimosis: This condition, where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans penis, can lead to chronic inflammation and infections, elevating the risk of cancer.
Tobacco Use: Smoking and the use of tobacco products are linked to various cancers, including penis cancer, due to the carcinogenic chemicals they contain.
Age: Penis cancer is more common in older men, typically affecting those over 50 years of age.
Other Factors: Factors such as a weakened immune system, exposure to UV light (used to treat psoriasis), and certain genetic conditions can also increase the risk of developing penis cancer.

Penis Cancer Symptoms

Early detection of penis cancer significantly improves the chances of successful treatment. Common symptoms include:
Lumps or Growths: The appearance of a lump or growth on the penis, particularly on the glans or foreskin, is a common symptom. These growths may be red, wart-like, or ulcerated.
Changes in Skin Color or Thickness: Any noticeable changes in the color or texture of the skin on the penis should be monitored.
Persistent Sores or Ulcers: Sores or ulcers that do not heal within a few weeks could indicate cancer.
Discharge or Bleeding: Unusual discharge or bleeding from the penis can be a symptom of penile cancer.
Pain or Discomfort: Pain or discomfort in the penis, especially during urination or sexual activity, should not be ignored.
Swollen Lymph Nodes: Swelling in the lymph nodes of the groin area can indicate the spread of cancer.

Penis Cancer Risk Factors

Understanding the risk factors for penis cancer can aid in prevention and early detection. Key risk factors include:
HPV Infection: As mentioned, HPV infection, particularly with high-risk strains, is a major risk factor.
Lack of Circumcision: Men who are not circumcised are at a higher risk due to the potential for chronic infections under the foreskin.
Age: The risk increases with age, particularly after 50.
Smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for penile cancer.
Poor Hygiene: Inadequate cleaning, especially under the foreskin, can lead to infections and inflammation, increasing cancer risk.
Phimosis: Inability to retract the foreskin can lead to chronic inflammation and infection.
Weakened Immune System: Conditions or medications that weaken the immune system can increase the risk of penile cancer.
Less common types include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma.

Penis Cancer Treatments

The treatment for penis cancer depends on the stage and extent of the disease. Common treatments include:
Surgery: The primary treatment for penis cancer is surgery, which may involve removing the tumor, part of the penis (partial penectomy), or the entire penis (total penectomy) in severe cases.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It can be used as the primary treatment or to shrink tumors before surgery.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the cancer stage.
Laser Therapy: For early-stage penile cancer, laser therapy can be used to remove or destroy cancerous cells with focused light.
Topical Treatments: In some cases, creams containing anti-cancer drugs can be applied directly to the affected area.
Biological Therapy: This treatment enhances the body's immune system to fight cancer more effectively.

Penis Cancer Prevention

Preventative measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing penis cancer. Important strategies include:
HPV Vaccination: Vaccination against HPV can significantly reduce the risk of penile and other cancers associated with the virus.
Safe Sexual Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV infection.
Good Hygiene: Maintaining good personal hygiene, especially for uncircumcised men, is crucial. Regular cleaning under the foreskin can prevent infections and inflammation.
Quitting Smoking: Avoiding tobacco products reduces the risk of penile and other cancers.
Regular Check-Ups: Regular medical check-ups and self-examinations can help detect any unusual changes early.
Phimosis Treatment: Treating phimosis promptly can prevent chronic inflammation and reduce cancer risk.
Regular medical check-ups and being vigilant about changes in the genital area are crucial for early detection and successful treatment.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for general informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.