Diarrhoea 101: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Complications, Treatment, Prevention, Diet And More

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Diarrhoea is a common gastrointestinal condition that affects people of all ages. It can be caused by a number of factors, including infection or dietary choices. This article will look at diarrhoea, including its causes, symptoms, treatments, risks, complications, prevention strategies, dietary suggestions, and even some unusual herbal remedies.

What Is Diarrhoea?

Diarrhoea is characterised by frequent, loose, and watery bowel movements. It is the body's way of expelling harmful substances or irritants from the digestive system. While it is usually a temporary condition, chronic diarrhoea may indicate an underlying health issue.

Types Of Diarrhoea

Primarily, there are two types of diarrhoea and they are as follows:

Acute diarrhoea: Lasts for a few days and is often caused by infections or dietary indiscretions.

Chronic diarrhoea: Persists for several weeks and may be linked to underlying medical conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.

Here are the other types of diarrhoea:

Causes Of Diarrhoea

Diarrhea can be causes by various reasons and they are:

• Infections
• Food poisoning
• Medications
• Food allergies
• Stress
• Chronic conditions

Infections: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections can all lead to diarrhea. Contaminated food, water, or poor hygiene can be contributing factors.

Food poisoning: Consuming food contaminated with bacteria, toxins, or other harmful substances can trigger sudden diarrhea.

Medications: Certain drugs, especially antibiotics, can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria and cause diarrhea as a side effect.

Food allergies: Food intolerances or allergies, such as lactose intolerance or celiac disease, can result in diarrhea after consuming trigger foods.

Stress: Emotional stress can affect gut function, leading to diarrhea in some individuals.

Chronic conditions: Underlying conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis can cause persistent diarrhea.

Uncommon Causes Of Diarrhoea

While the most common causes of diarrhea are typically related to infections, food intolerances, or medication side effects, there are some less common and unusual causes of diarrhea that can occur. These may include:

• Excessive caffeine consumption
• Misuse of over-the-counter or prescription laxatives
• Artificial sweeteners like sorbitol
• Gastrointestinal surgery
• Nerve disorders
• Hormonal imbalances
• Microscopic colitis (a lesser-known type of inflammatory bowel disease)
• Foodborne parasites
• Carcinoid tumors
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Medications

Read more: Summer Heat Irritating Your Stomach? Home Remedies For Loose Motion In Summer (Summer Diarrhea)

Symptoms Of Diarrhoea

Here are the common signs and symptoms of diarrhea:

• Loose stools
• Frequent bowel movements
• Abdominal cramps
• Dehydration
• Fever:
• Nausea and vomiting
• Mucus or blood

Loose stools: The primary symptom of diarrhea is the passage of loose, watery, and often unformed stools. These stools may vary in color and consistency.

Frequent bowel movements: Diarrhea typically involves more frequent trips to the restroom than what is normal for an individual. The increased urgency and frequency are common characteristics.

Abdominal cramps: Many people with diarrhea experience abdominal cramps or discomfort, which can range from mild to severe. These cramps are often caused by intestinal contractions.

Urgency: Diarrhea often comes with a sudden and urgent need to have a bowel movement, making it challenging to control when and where it occurs.

Dehydration: Prolonged or severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration may include dry mouth, extreme thirst, dark yellow urine, fatigue, and in severe cases, dizziness or fainting.

Fever: If the underlying cause of diarrhea is an infection, it may be accompanied by a fever, particularly in cases of bacterial or viral gastroenteritis.

Nausea and vomiting: Some individuals with diarrhea may also experience nausea and vomiting, especially when the digestive system is irritated.

Mucus or blood: In some cases, diarrhea can be accompanied by the presence of mucus or blood in the stool. This may indicate a more serious underlying condition and should be promptly evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Risks And Complications Of Diarrhoea

Diarrhea can be particularly concerning for vulnerable populations, including children, older people, and pregnant women, as they may be more susceptible to its risks and complications.

In children, diarrhoea can pose complications such as the following:

• Dehydration
• Malnutrition
• Weight loss
• Weakened immune system
• Impaired cognitive development

In older people, diarrhoea can pose complications such as the following:

• Dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Falls and fractures
• Medication interactions
• Worsening underlying health conditions

In pregnant women, diarrhoea can pose complications such as the following:

• Dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Fetal complications
• Maternal malnutrition
• Infection risk

Diagnosing Diarrhoea

Diagnosing diarrhea typically involves a medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and to rule out more serious conditions. The diagnostic process may include the following steps:

• Checking medical history
• Physical examination
• Stool sample
• Blood tests
• Imaging like a CT scan or an endoscopy
• Endoscopy
• Breath tests
• Colonoscopy
• Review of medications

Treatment For Diarrhoea

The treatment of diarrhea depends on its underlying cause and severity. In most cases, diarrhea is a temporary condition and can be managed effectively at home. Here are common treatment approaches for diarrhea:

• Rehydration
• Dietary modifications
• Over-the-counter medications
• Probiotics
• Herbal remedies
• Avoiding triggers

Read: Foods You Can Eat When You Have Diarrhoea (Loose Motion)

Rehydration: The primary goal in treating diarrhea is to prevent or address dehydration. Encourage the person with diarrhea, especially children and older adults, to drink plenty of clear fluids, such as water, clear broths, oral rehydration solutions (ORS), or electrolyte drinks. Sips of fluids should be taken frequently to stay hydrated.

Dietary modifications: While eating a bland diet can help, it's important to continue eating to maintain energy levels and provide essential nutrients. The BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast) can be a helpful guideline, but it should be supplemented with other easily digestible foods like plain pasta, boiled potatoes, or cooked carrots.

Over-the-counter medications: Antidiarrheal medications like loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) can help reduce the frequency of bowel movements and alleviate symptoms. These should be used with caution and only as directed, as they may not be suitable for all types of diarrhea, such as those caused by certain infections.

Probiotics: Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help restore the balance of gut flora. They may be taken as supplements or found in probiotic-rich foods like yogurt.

Avoiding triggers: If the diarrhea is linked to a particular food intolerance, allergy, or medication, it's crucial to identify and avoid these triggers to prevent recurrent episodes.

Treatment of underlying causes: If the diarrhea is caused by an infection, medication, or an underlying medical condition, the underlying cause should be treated or managed appropriately. This may involve antibiotics for bacterial infections, discontinuing medications with diarrhea as a side effect, or managing chronic conditions like irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.

When To See A Doctor?

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper guidance and treatment, especially in the following situations:

• Severe dehydration
• Prolonged diarrhea, that persists for more than a few days, or if it is recurrent and chronic
• Blood in stools
• Fever or severe symptoms

How To Prevent Diarrhoea?

Preventing diarrhea involves a combination of good hygiene practices, safe food and water handling, and, in some cases, vaccinations. Here are some key measures to help prevent diarrhea:

• Follow proper hand hygiene
• Maintain personal hygiene
• Drink clean water
• Follow food safety measures
• Manage stress
• Avoid excessive alcohol and caffeine

Hand hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and clean water, especially before eating, after using the toilet, and after changing diapers. Proper handwashing can significantly reduce the risk of spreading infections that can cause diarrhea.

Safe water: Ensure that the water you drink and use for cooking and washing is safe. If you're in an area with questionable water quality, use bottled water, or boil and filter water before consumption.

Food safety to follow to prevent diarrhoea:

1. Cook foods to the recommended temperatures to kill harmful bacteria.
2. Avoid consuming raw or undercooked eggs, meat, and seafood.
3. Refrigerate perishable foods promptly to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria.
4. Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating or cooking.

Personal hygiene tips to prevent diarrhoea:

1. Avoid touching your face, mouth, or eyes with unwashed hands.
2. Avoid close contact with individuals who have diarrhea, especially in healthcare settings.
3. Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing to prevent the spread of infection.

Food handling during travel: When traveling, be cautious about the food and water you consume, especially in regions with lower sanitation standards. Stick to bottled water and eat at reputable, well-cooked food establishments.

Child care tips to prevent diarrhoea:

1. Ensure that their toys and play areas are regularly cleaned and disinfected.
2. Change diapers in a sanitary manner and wash hands thoroughly afterward.

Vaccinations: In some cases, vaccinations can prevent specific diarrheal diseases. For example, rotavirus vaccines are recommended for infants to prevent rotavirus-induced diarrhea.

Breastfeeding: If possible, breastfeed your infant. Breast milk provides essential nutrients and antibodies that help protect against infections, including those that can cause diarrhea.

Avoid unnecessary antibiotics: Use antibiotics only when prescribed by a healthcare professional and take them as directed. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria and potentially lead to diarrhea.

Stress management: Stress can affect digestive health. Practice stress management techniques like yoga, meditation, and relaxation exercises.

Avoid excessive alcohol and caffeine: High alcohol and caffeine intake can irritate the digestive system. Moderation is key.

Avoid food allergens: If you have known food allergies or intolerances, avoid the trigger foods to prevent diarrhea.

Travel precautions: If travelling to regions with poor sanitation or unsafe water, take extra precautions, such as avoiding tap water, using bottled water, and consuming well-cooked foods.

It's important to note that some causes of diarrhea, like viral infections, can be difficult to prevent entirely, but following these preventive measures can significantly reduce your risk of contracting diarrhea.

How To Stop Diarrhoea Fast?

Stopping diarrhea quickly often involves addressing the underlying cause while also managing the symptoms. Here are some steps to help stop diarrhea fast:

• Rehydration
• BRAT Diet
• Consume probiotics
• Antidiarrheal medications
• Rest
• Hygiene
• Consult a doctor

Rehydration: The primary goal is to prevent or address dehydration. Drink clear fluids in small sips throughout the day. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) can be especially effective, as they contain electrolytes that help replace lost fluids and maintain the body's electrolyte balance. You can purchase ORS sachets at drugstores or prepare your own by mixing clean water, sugar, and salt. Sip these fluids slowly to stay hydrated.

BRAT Diet: The BRAT diet consists of bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. These bland, low-fiber foods can help firm up stools. They are easy to digest and can provide some nourishment.

Probiotics: Probiotic supplements or probiotic-rich foods like yogurt can help restore the balance of gut bacteria, which may have been disrupted by diarrhea.

Antidiarrheal medications: Over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications like loperamide (Imodium) can help reduce the frequency of bowel movements and alleviate symptoms. These should be used with caution and only as directed, as they may not be suitable for all types of diarrhea.

Rest: Allow your body to rest and recover. Avoid strenuous physical activity and get adequate sleep.

Hygiene: Practice good hygiene, including thorough handwashing, to prevent the spread of infectious causes of diarrhea.

Consult a doctor: If your diarrhea is severe, persistent, or accompanied by concerning signs like blood in the stool, high fever, or signs of dehydration, consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment. They may be able to identify and address the underlying cause of your diarrhea more effectively.

Diarrhoea-friendly Diet: What To Eat And What To Avoid?

What to eat:

When you have diarrhea, it's essential to choose foods that are gentle on the stomach and help firm up the stools. Here are some dietary recommendations for managing diarrhea, including some Indian foods:

• Plain rice
• Curd (yoghurt)
• Bananas
• Boiled potatoes
• Toast or plain roti
• Sabudana khichdi
• Pomegranate
• Coconut water
• Coriander water
• Dal (lentil) water
• Curd rice
• Rice water

BRAT Diet For Diarrhea

The BRAT diet, which stands for Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, and Toast, has long been recommended for easing digestive discomfort during diarrhea. Here's a list of foods and dietary guidelines to consider when dealing with diarrhea:

• Bananas: They are easily digestible, provide potassium, and help firm up stools.
• Rice: Plain white rice is a bland, starchy food that can help bulk up stools.
• Applesauce: Unsweetened applesauce is a gentle source of fiber and nutrients.
• Toast: Plain, white toast is easy on the stomach and can be an effective source of carbohydrates.

What to avoid:

When experiencing diarrhea, it's advisable to avoid certain foods and beverages, including some Indian foods that may be particularly harsh on the digestive system. Here's a list of items to avoid:

• Spicy foods
• Deep-fried items, like samosas and pakoras, as well as rich, greasy curries
• Dairy products
• Raw or undercooked eggs and meat
• High-fiber foods
• Onions and garlic
• Carbonated beverages
• Caffeinated beverages
• Alcohol
• Artificial sweeteners

Home Remedies For Diarrhoea

Mild cases of diarrhea can often be managed with home remedies to alleviate symptoms and promote recovery. However, it's important to remember that if diarrhea is severe, persistent, or accompanied by concerning symptoms like blood in the stool, high fever, or signs of dehydration, you should seek medical attention.

Here are some home remedies to consider for mild diarrhea:

• Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
• Clear fluids
• BRAT diet
• Probiotics
• Bland foods

Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS): This is one of the most effective home remedies for diarrhea. ORS helps replace lost fluids and electrolytes. You can purchase ORS sachets at drugstores or make your own by mixing 1 liter of clean water, 6 teaspoons of sugar, and 0.5 teaspoon of salt. Sip the solution slowly throughout the day.

Clear fluids: In addition to ORS, clear fluids like water, clear broths, and clear herbal teas can help keep you hydrated. Sip fluids frequently to prevent dehydration.

BRAT diet: The BRAT diet consists of bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. These bland, easily digestible foods can help firm up stools and provide some nourishment.

Probiotics: Probiotic supplements or probiotic-rich foods like yogurt can help restore the balance of gut bacteria, which may have been disrupted by diarrhea.

Bland foods: In addition to the BRAT diet, other bland, low-fiber foods like plain pasta, boiled potatoes, and cooked carrots can be easily tolerated during diarrhea.

Herbal Remedies For Diarrhoea

Herbal remedies have been used for centuries to help alleviate digestive discomfort, including diarrhea. Here are some herbal remedies that are known for their potential soothing properties:

• Ginger
• Chamomile
• Peppermint
• Fennel
• Cinnamon
• Banana infusion
• Lemon balm

Ginger: Ginger is well-regarded for its digestive benefits. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-nausea properties that can help soothe an upset stomach and alleviate diarrhea. You can make ginger tea by steeping fresh ginger slices or ginger powder in hot water. Sip the tea slowly throughout the day.

Chamomile: Chamomile is known for its calming and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help relax the digestive tract, reducing cramps and discomfort. Prepare chamomile tea by steeping dried chamomile flowers in hot water. Chamomile tea is especially soothing and can be consumed as needed.

Peppermint: Peppermint has a cooling and soothing effect on the digestive system and can help alleviate gas, bloating, and diarrhea. You can make peppermint tea by steeping fresh or dried peppermint leaves in hot water. Be cautious with peppermint if you have acid reflux, as it can sometimes worsen symptoms.

Fennel: Fennel seeds and fennel tea are believed to have carminative properties, which means they may help relieve digestive discomfort, including diarrhea and gas. Steep fennel seeds in hot water to make fennel tea.

Cinnamon: Cinnamon may help control diarrhea by reducing intestinal spasms. You can make cinnamon tea by adding a cinnamon stick or ground cinnamon to hot water.

Banana infusion: Infusing ripe bananas in hot water to create a banana tea is an old home remedy for diarrhea. Bananas are rich in pectin, which can help firm up stools.

Lemon balm: Lemon balm is a calming herb that may help relieve stress-related diarrhea. Steep lemon balm leaves in hot water to prepare a soothing tea.

Beverages For Diarrhoea

When dealing with diarrhea, it's important to focus on staying hydrated with clear fluids to prevent dehydration. There are several beverages that can be suitable for hydrating and soothing the digestive system during diarrhea.

• Buttermilk (Chaas)
• Coconut water
• Mint (pudina) tea
• Coriander (dhaniya) water
• Jeera water
• Rice water
• Tulsi (holy basil) tea
• Amla juice

It's important to consume these beverages in small sips throughout the day to stay hydrated. Avoid adding excessive sugar or dairy to these beverages, as high sugar and lactose content can sometimes worsen diarrhea.

Bizzare Remedies For Diarrhoea

Unconventional remedies for diarrhea are sometimes tried by individuals, but their effectiveness is often not scientifically proven, and they may not be suitable for everyone. It's essential to approach such remedies with caution and consult a healthcare professional for guidance.

Here are a few unconventional remedies that people sometimes use for diarrhea:

Activated charcoal: Activated charcoal is known for its ability to absorb toxins, but its effectiveness in treating diarrhea is not well-established. Some people use it to absorb toxins that may be causing the diarrhea, but it can also interfere with the absorption of medications and nutrients.

Apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar is believed by some to have antibacterial properties and may help balance the gut flora. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support its use as a treatment for diarrhea. Its high acidity may also irritate the digestive tract.

Clay: Some individuals use edible clay (such as bentonite or kaolin) to absorb toxins and soothe the digestive system. While clay is sometimes used in traditional medicine, it's not a widely recognised treatment for diarrhea.

Banana stem juice: In some traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, banana stem juice is believed to have potential anti-diarrheal properties. However, scientific research on its effectiveness is limited.

On A Final Note...

Navigating diarrhea is no picnic, but armed with the right knowledge, you can turn it from a storm into a passing shower. Listen to your body, stay hydrated, and if in doubt, consult a doctor.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for general informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

Arya KrishnanEmergency Medicine

MBBS

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