Dengue 101: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Complications, Treatment, Prevention, Diet And More

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There is growing concern regarding the spread of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection, which affects millions of people each year. This comprehensive guide offers an in-depth examination of every aspect of dengue fever, from its causes to prevention, to treatment and more.

What Is Dengue Fever?

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the dengue virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, most commonly Aedes aegypti, cites the World Health Organization.

Dengue is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including parts of Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.

What Are The Three Stages Of Dengue Fever

Dengue fever typically progresses through three stages and they are called febrile stage, critical stage and recovery stage.

Stage 1: Febrile Stage (Acute Phase)

Here are the signs of stage 1 of dengue:

• The first stage of dengue is characterised by the sudden onset of high fever, often reaching temperatures of 104°F (40°C) or higher.
• Severe headaches and pain behind the eyes are common symptoms.
• Muscle and joint pain, which gives dengue its colloquial name "breakbone fever," is often experienced.
• Skin rashes may appear, and individuals may feel generally unwell and fatigued.
• This stage typically lasts for 2 to 7 days.

Stage 2: Critical Stage (Plasma Leakage)

Here are the signs of stage 2 of dengue:

• During the second stage of dengue, the capillaries become more permeable, causing plasma leakage. This can lead to a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in the amount of circulating blood plasma.
• Severe dengue, also known as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), can develop in this stage. DHF is characterised by more severe bleeding tendencies, such as nosebleeds, gum bleeding, and internal bleeding.
• Organ impairment and shock can occur, making this stage life-threatening.

Stage 3: Recovery Stage (Convalescent Phase)

Here are the signs of stage 3 of dengue:

• If the patient survives the critical stage, they will enter the recovery stage.
• During the third phase of dengue fever, fluid begins to reabsorb into the blood vessels, and the individual's condition gradually improves.
• However, weakness and fatigue may persist for several weeks.

What Causes Dengue Fever?

Dengue is caused by the dengue virus, which is primarily transmitted through the bite of the Aedes mosquito, especially Aedes aegypti. The virus is carried in the mosquito's salivary glands, and when it bites a human, it injects the virus into the bloodstream.

This transmission cycle continues, leading to the spread of the disease.

What Are The Symptoms Of Dengue Fever?

Dengue symptoms can vary from mild to severe. These symptoms can be more severe in children, women, and older people. Symptoms of dengue typically appear within a range of 4-10 days following a mosquito bite from an infected insect.

Here are the primary symptoms of dengue:

• High fever
• Severe headache
• Pain behind the eyes
• Joint and muscle pain
• Skin rash
• Mild bleeding, such as nose or gum bleeding
• Fatigue and weakness

Signs of severe dengue, also known as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS) need immediate medical attention.

Here are the signs of severe dengue:

• Severe abdominal pain
• Vomiting with blood
• Bleeding
• Fluid accumulation
• Breathing difficulty
• Restlessness or fatigue
• Low blood pressure
• Platelet count drop
• Severe dengue can lead to damage to vital organs
• A significant drop in blood pressure that leads to shock.

Below is a table on the different dengue symptoms in different categories of people:

Dengue Fever Risks And Complications

Dengue fever can manifest with a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) points out that dengue symptoms can potentially lead to various complications if not given medical attention at the right time.

Here are the most common risks and complications of dengue you should know:

• Severe dengue (dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome)
• Severe dengue can affect various organ systems, including the liver, heart, and lungs causing organ failure.
• Internal bleeding
• Neurological complications, such as encephalitis
• Long-term effects, such as fatigue, weakness etc.

How To Prevent Dengue Fever?

Preventing dengue fever primarily involves reducing your exposure to mosquitoes, as it is these insects that transmit the virus. Here are effective strategies to help prevent dengue:

• Eliminate breeding sites
• Use mosquito nets
• Wear long sleeves and pants
• Use repellents
• Use mosquito coils and plug-ins
• Install screens on windows and doors
• Stay indoors at dawn and dusk
• Participate in community clean-up

In some countries, dengue vaccines are available. Consult with a healthcare professional to determine if vaccination is appropriate and recommended in your area.

Dengue Treatment And Medications

The treatment of dengue fever primarily involves supportive care because there is no specific antiviral medication to cure the disease. However, dengue symptoms can be managed with the below medication and treatment:

• Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen can help alleviate fever and pain. Avoid aspirin or ibuprofen, as they can increase the risk of bleeding.
• Fluid replacement
• Platelet and blood component transfusion in cases of severe dengue

What are the dengue medications available in India?

In India, common antipyretic (to reduce fever) drugs include Paracetamol (Crocin, Calpol) for fever reduction and pain relief. Consult a healthcare professional for expert advice.

Must-Have Items To Fight Dengue Fever

To effectively manage dengue fever and support your recovery, it's important to have certain items and supplies on hand. These items can help alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and ensure a comfortable and safe recovery.

• Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
• Thermometer
• Pain relievers
• Bed rest
• Mosquito nets
• Hydrating beverages
• Antiseptic wipes
• Adequate bedding
• Tissues and hand sanitiser
• Cooling devices
• Waste disposal
• Digital blood pressure monitor
• First aid kit
• Medications

For more information, check this out: List Of Must-Have Items To Fight Dengue Fever

When To Seek Medical Help For Dengue?

Knowing when to seek medical help for dengue fever is crucial to ensure a timely and effective response to the illness. If you or someone you know is experiencing the following symptoms of dengue, please consult a doctor immediately:

• High fever
• Severe headache
• Joint and muscle pain
• Rash,
• Bleeding from the nose or gums
• Any unusual symptoms

How To Treat Dengue At Home?

Dengue fever is generally not curable at home, and it's important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and management.

Here are some important points to consider:

• Rest
• Hydration
• Pain relief

Preventive measures to follow for dengue:

• While at home, focus on preventing further mosquito bites.
• Use mosquito nets, screens, and mosquito repellents to avoid reinfection or the transmission of the virus to others.
• Consume a well-balanced diet with easily digestible foods.
• Avoid fatty, spicy, and oily foods.
• Some people use natural remedies like papaya leaf extract, neem leaves, and herbal teas to help with symptoms, but these should not be relied upon as the primary treatment for dengue.

Dengue Diet: What to Eat and What to Avoid

When battling dengue fever, your diet plays a vital role in your recovery. A well-balanced and nutritious dengue diet can help support your immune system and alleviate some of the discomfort caused by the infection.

Here's what to eat and what to avoid when dealing with dengue:

Foods to eat for dengue fever

• Fruits like oranges, papayas, guavas, and kiwi etc.
• Leafy greens and colourful vegetables like carrot
• Brown rice, whole wheat bread, and oats
• Skinless poultry
• Fish
• Beans
• Clear soups and broths
• Herbal teas, especially Ginger and tulsi (holy basil) teas.

Foods to avoid for dengue fever:

• Spicy foods
• Oily and greasy foods
• Caffeine
• Alcohol

Non Vegetarian Foods To Eat For Dengue Fever

While non-vegetarian foods can be included in the diet, it's essential to choose options that are not heavy, spicy, or difficult to digest. Here are some non-vegetarian foods that can be considered during dengue fever:

• Boiled or poached chicken
• Boiled or steamed fish
• Clear chicken or fish broth
• Eggs
• Lean meat

It is important to keep the following considerations in mind:

• Choose simple, mild, and easily digestible preparations.
• Avoid heavily spiced, oily, or fried dishes, as these can be hard on the stomach.
• Ensure that all meats are cooked thoroughly to reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses.

Home Remedies For Dengue Fever

Here are some home remedies for dengue:

1. Papaya leaf extract
2. Fenugreek tea
3. Barley water
4. Neem leaves
5. Turmeric milk
6. Aloe vera
7. Basil leaves (tulsi)
8. Coconut water
9. Ginger and honey

Ayurvedic Remedies For Dengue Fever

Here are some Ayurvedic remedies commonly used for dengue fever:

1. Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia)
2. Neem (Azadirachta indica)
3. Tulsi
4. Papaya leaf extract
5. Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
6. Amla (Indian Gooseberry)
7. Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)
8. Coconut water
9. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
10. Pippali (Long Pepper)
11. Cardamom (Elaichi)
12. Cinnamon (Dalchini)

On A Final Note...

If you suspect you have dengue fever or are in an area where dengue is prevalent, seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and appropriate care. Self-medication and the use of NSAIDs should be avoided in suspected dengue cases, as they can increase the risk of bleeding complications.

Disclaimer: Always follow the advice of doctors for the best course of treatment.

Arya KrishnanEmergency Medicine

MBBS

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