Common Cold: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Effective Remedies And More

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The common cold, often dismissed as a minor ailment, is a prevalent viral infection that affects people of all ages and backgrounds worldwide. While it rarely leads to severe health issues, its impact on daily life can be significant.

In this article, we'll explore the causes, symptoms, risks, types, complications, medicines available in India, the risk in children, dietary considerations, beverages, home remedies, ayurvedic remedies, myths vs. facts, bizarre remedies, what to avoid, and when to seek medical attention.

What Is Common Cold?

The common cold, often simply referred to as a cold, is a viral infection that primarily affects the upper respiratory system, including the nose and throat. It is one of the most widespread and easily transmitted illnesses, leading to a wide array of symptoms.

Common colds are caused by various viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common culprits. These viruses are highly contagious and can be easily transmitted from person to person.

What Are The Types Of Common Cold?

The common cold is primarily caused by rhinoviruses, but it can also be attributed to various other viruses. These different viruses are responsible for the diversity of common cold symptoms, making it challenging to pinpoint a single "type" of common cold.

Instead, the common cold is a collective term for a group of viral infections that share similar upper respiratory symptoms. Some of the common viruses that cause cold-like symptoms include:

• Rhinoviruses
• Coronaviruses
• Adenoviruses
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
• Enteroviruses

These various viruses may produce slightly different symptoms, but collectively, they fall under the umbrella of the common cold. Since the symptoms are similar, treatment and management strategies are generally the same regardless of the specific virus responsible for the infection.

What Causes Common Cold?

The common cold is primarily caused by various viruses, and the most common culprit is the rhinovirus. However, several different viruses can lead to cold-like symptoms. Here are the primary causes of the common cold:

• Rhinoviruses
• Coronaviruses
• Adenoviruses
• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
• Enteroviruses
• Other viruses like parainfluenza viruses and human metapneumovirus.

Rhinoviruses: Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common cold. There are over 100 known types of rhinoviruses, and they are highly contagious. These viruses can be transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person sneezes or coughs, or through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, where the virus can survive for a period.

Coronaviruses: Certain strains of coronaviruses can lead to cold-like symptoms. It's important to distinguish these milder cold-causing coronaviruses from more severe strains like the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.

Adenoviruses: Adenoviruses are another group of viruses that can cause symptoms similar to those of a common cold. They can lead to respiratory and eye infections, as well as cold-like symptoms.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): RSV primarily affects young children and can result in symptoms resembling a cold, including a runny nose, cough, and fever. In some cases, RSV can lead to more severe respiratory symptoms.

Enteroviruses: Certain enteroviruses can cause cold-like symptoms, often accompanied by fever, sore throat, and cough.

Other viruses: Besides the aforementioned viruses, various other viruses can contribute to cold-like symptoms. These include parainfluenza viruses and human metapneumovirus.

What Are The Signs And Symptoms Of Common Cold?

The common cold is characterised by a range of signs and symptoms that primarily affect the upper respiratory system. While the severity and combination of symptoms can vary from person to person, the most typical signs and symptoms of the common cold include:

• Runny or stuffy nose
• Sneezing
• Sore throat
• Coughing
• Watery eyes
• Mild fatigue
• Low-grade fever
• Headache
• Slight muscle aches
• Slight hoarseness
• Loss of taste and smell

Common cold is generally a mild illness, and most people recover within 7-10 days. While the symptoms can be bothersome, they usually do not lead to severe complications in healthy individuals.

Risk Factors For Common Cold

The common cold is a highly contagious viral infection, and while it is generally a mild illness, certain risk factors can increase a person's susceptibility to contracting a cold and experiencing more severe symptoms.

These risk factors of common cold include:

• Age: Children and the elderly are more susceptible to colds.
• Weakened immune system
• Exposure to infected individuals
• Fall and winter months
• Chronic health conditions
• Smoking
• Allergies
• Occupational risks
• Poor hand hygiene
• Travel and exposure

Complications Of Common Cold

While the common cold is typically a mild and self-limiting illness, it can lead to various complications, particularly in certain vulnerable populations or when the immune system is compromised.

Common cold complications can include:

• Sinus infections (Sinusitis)
• Ear infections (Otitis Media)
• Bronchitis
• Asthma exacerbation
• Pneumonia
• Worsening of chronic health conditions
• Secondary infections
• Dehydration
• Meningitis (rare)

Sinus infections (Sinusitis): Cold symptoms can cause inflammation and blockages in the sinuses, which may lead to bacterial sinusitis. This condition is characterized by increased facial pain, pressure, and discolored nasal discharge.

Ear infections (Otitis Media): Cold viruses can travel to the middle ear, leading to ear infections, which can be especially common in young children. Symptoms may include ear pain, hearing loss, and fever.

Bronchitis: The common cold can progress to acute bronchitis, resulting in a persistent cough with yellow or green mucus production. Bronchitis can be more severe in individuals with chronic respiratory conditions.

Asthma exacerbation: People with asthma may experience worsening of their symptoms when they contract a cold. This can lead to increased wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

Pneumonia: In some cases, cold viruses can descend into the lower respiratory tract, leading to pneumonia. Pneumonia can be severe and requires prompt medical attention. Symptoms include high fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

Worsening of chronic health conditions: Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease, may experience exacerbations of their conditions when they have a cold.

Secondary infections: The common cold can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections, such as strep throat or bronchopneumonia.

Dehydration: Cold symptoms can lead to fluid loss due to fever, sweating, and increased mucus production. In severe cases, this can lead to dehydration, which requires medical attention.

Meningitis (rare): In extremely rare cases, some cold viruses may cause viral meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Common Cold Medicines Available In India

In India, a wide range of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medicines are available to help relieve the symptoms of the common cold. These medications can help alleviate congestion, reduce fever, and provide relief from other discomfort associated with colds.

Use these medications as directed by a healthcare professional or according to the package instructions. Here are some common types of cold medicines available in India:

• Decongestants
• Antihistamines
• Pain relievers and fever reducers
• Cough suppressants
• Expectorants
• Combination medications
• Nasal sprays and drops
• Throat lozenges

Decongestants: Decongestant medications, such as pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine, can help relieve nasal congestion by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages. Common brands include Sinarest, Otrivin, and Nasivion.

Antihistamines: Antihistamines like cetirizine, loratadine, and diphenhydramine can help alleviate runny noses, sneezing, and itching. Popular options include Cetirizine (commonly sold as Cetirizine or Citrizine), Loratadine (commonly sold as Loridin or Lortad), and Diphenhydramine (commonly sold as Avil).

Pain relievers and fever reducers: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen can help reduce fever, alleviate headaches, and relieve minor aches and pains. Common brands include Crocin, Dolo, and Calpol (paracetamol) or Brufen (ibuprofen).

Cough suppressants: Cough suppressants, such as dextromethorphan, can help reduce the urge to cough. Brands like Benadryl, Corex, and TusQ are available in India.

Expectorants: Expectorant medications like guaifenesin can help thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up. Some common Indian brands include Kofarest and Ascoril.

Combination medications: Many OTC cold medications in India are combination products that contain a mix of decongestants, antihistamines, and other ingredients. Common examples include Sinarest, Maxtra, and T-Minic.

Nasal sprays and drops: Nasal saline drops or sprays like Nasivion or Otrivin can help relieve nasal congestion and irritation.

Throat lozenges: Throat lozenges with soothing ingredients like honey and menthol can provide relief from sore throat. Brands like Strepsils and Vicks Throat Drops are available in India.

How To Get Rid Of Common Cold Fast?

Getting rid of a common cold quickly typically involves managing the symptoms and providing your body with the support it needs to heal. Here are some quick tips for Indians to help alleviate cold symptoms and recover faster:

• Stay hydrated
• Steam inhalation
• Gargle with salt water
• Ginger and turmeric
• Honey and lemon
• Tulsi (holy basil)
• Proper nutrition
• Rest
• Probiotics
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol
• Ayurvedic remedies
• Over-the-counter medications

How Is Common Cold Treated?

While there is no cure for the common cold, treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and allowing the body to heal itself.

Here are some common methods for treating the common cold:

• Rest
• Hydration
• Over-the-Counter (OTC) medication
• Saline nasal sprays or drops
• Humidifiers
• Gargling with salt water
• Zinc lozenges
• Avoid irritants
• Herbal remedies

Home Remedies For Common Cold

Home remedies for the common cold can help alleviate symptoms and make you more comfortable as your body fights off the virus. While these remedies won't cure the cold, they can provide relief from congestion, sore throat, and other common cold symptoms.

Here are some effective home remedies for the common cold:

• Hydration
• Rest
• Salt water gargle
• Steam inhalation
• Honey and lemon
• Ginger tea
• Chicken soup
• Nasal irrigation
• Turmeric milk
• Peppermint tea
• Probiotics like yoghurt or kefir
• Garlic

Ayurvedic Remedies For Common Cold

Ayurvedic remedies for the common cold focus on balancing the body's doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), strengthening the immune system, and using natural ingredients to alleviate symptoms. Here are some common Ayurvedic remedies for the common cold:

• Ginger tea
• Turmeric and milk
• Tulsi (holy basil)
• Honey and cinnamon
• Warm water with spices
• Steam inhalation

Ayurvedic herbal formulas: Ayurvedic practitioners may recommend herbal formulas or supplements, such as Chyawanprash, Triphala, or Ayurvedic Rasayanas, to boost immunity and overall health. These are typically tailored to an individual's constitution (Prakriti) and the imbalances (Vikriti) they are experiencing.

Nasal oil drops (nasya): Nasya is an Ayurvedic practice of applying medicated oil drops into the nostrils. This can help relieve nasal congestion and improve breathing. An Ayurvedic practitioner can recommend the appropriate oil for your dosha.

Beverages For Common Cold

When you have a common cold, staying hydrated is essential to help alleviate symptoms and support your body's natural healing processes. Here are some beverages that can be soothing and beneficial for managing the symptoms of a cold:

• Warm water
• Ginger tea
• Peppermint tea
• Chamomile tea
• Honey and lemon water
• Turmeric milk
• Broths and soups
• Hot water with spices
• Fruit and vegetable juices
• Electrolyte drinks
• Warm salt water gargle
• Elderberry tea or syrup

Diet For Common Cold

Foods to eat for common cold

A well-balanced diet can help support your immune system and ease the discomfort of a common cold. Here are some foods you can include in your diet when you have a cold:

• Hot soups and broths
• Citrus fruits
• Ginger
• Garlic
• Honey
• Turmeric
• Dark leafy greens
• Berries
• Bananas
• Oatmeal
• Yogurt
• Nuts and seeds
• Lean proteins
• Whole grains

Hot soups and broths: Chicken soup or vegetable broth is not only comforting but also provides hydration and essential nutrients. The steam from hot soups can help clear nasal passages.

Citrus fruits: Fruits like oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes are rich in vitamin C, which can boost your immune system. They can also provide relief from congestion and help soothe a sore throat.

Ginger: Ginger has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It can help reduce inflammation and soothe a sore throat. You can add fresh ginger to soups or make ginger tea.

Garlic: Garlic contains allicin, a compound with antimicrobial properties. Adding garlic to your meals can help fight off cold viruses.

Honey: Honey has soothing properties and can help relieve a sore throat and reduce coughing. It can be added to warm water, tea, or used in various home remedies.

Turmeric: Turmeric contains curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. It can be added to warm milk or soups to reduce inflammation and provide comfort.

Spices: Spices like cinnamon, cardamom, and black pepper can be added to your foods or beverages to improve digestion and provide warmth.

Hot teas: Herbal teas like chamomile, peppermint, and ginger tea can provide comfort and relief from cold symptoms.

Dark leafy greens: Vegetables like kale, spinach, and Swiss chard are rich in vitamins and minerals that support your immune system.

Berries: Berries like blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries are packed with antioxidants that can help boost your immune system.

Bananas: Bananas are easy to digest and provide potassium, which is important for maintaining electrolyte balance if you have a fever and are sweating.

Oatmeal: Oatmeal is a warm and soothing breakfast option that provides fibre and energy. You can add honey and sliced fruits for added flavour and nutrition.

Yogurt: Probiotic-rich yogurt can help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria and support your immune system.

Nuts and seeds: Almonds, sunflower seeds, and walnuts are good sources of vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats that can support your overall health.

Lean proteins: Lean sources of protein like poultry, fish, and tofu can provide essential amino acids to support your immune system.

Whole grains: Whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat pasta can provide energy and fibre to help with digestion.

Foods to avoid for common cold

• Dairy products
• Caffeine
• Alcohol
• Sugary and processed foods
• Spicy and salty foods
• Fried and greasy foods

Pregnancy, Breastfeeding And Common Cold

Pregnancy and breastfeeding are special circumstances where you need to be cautious about the medications and treatments you use for a common cold to ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby. Here's how common colds can affect pregnancy and breastfeeding, and what precautions to take:

• Pregnancy:

Medications: During pregnancy, it's important to avoid certain over-the-counter (OTC) cold medications. Always consult your healthcare provider before taking any medications. They can recommend safe options that won't harm the developing foetus.

Natural remedies: Opt for natural remedies like ginger tea, honey and lemon water, saline nasal sprays, and steam inhalation. These can help alleviate symptoms without the risks associated with some OTC medications.

Rest and hydration: Rest and staying well-hydrated are crucial during pregnancy. Your body needs extra support to recover from illness, so make sure to get plenty of sleep and drink fluids.

Warm salt water gargle: Gargling with warm salt water is safe during pregnancy and can provide relief for a sore throat.

• Breastfeeding:

Medications: Many cold medications can pass into breast milk, potentially affecting the nursing baby. It's best to consult a healthcare provider before taking any medication while breastfeeding. They can advise on safe options that won't harm your baby.

Natural remedies: Natural remedies like herbal teas (e.g., ginger, chamomile), honey and lemon, steam inhalation, and saline nasal sprays are generally considered safe while breastfeeding.

Nutrition and hydration: Eating a balanced diet and staying well-hydrated are essential for both your health and your baby's. Proper nutrition and hydration support your immune system and milk production.

Rest: Rest is vital for your recovery and overall well-being. If possible, try to get extra sleep and reduce stress.

Hand hygiene: Practicing good hand hygiene can help prevent the spread of germs to your baby. Wash your hands frequently, especially before touching your baby or breastfeeding.

Avoid close contact: If possible, minimise close contact with your baby when you have a cold to reduce the risk of transmission. This can be challenging, but it's an added precaution.

Cold vs Flu

Colds and the flu (influenza) are both respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different viruses and have some distinct differences in terms of symptoms, severity, and treatment. Here's a comparison of colds and the flu:

Common Cold

• Causes: Colds are typically caused by rhinoviruses, although other viruses, such as coronaviruses, can also be responsible.
• Symptoms: Common cold symptoms are usually milder and may include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, and a mild fever, if at all. Symptoms often come on gradually.
• Duration: Colds typically last for about 7-10 days, but symptoms may persist for longer in some cases.
• Severity: Colds are usually less severe than the flu. They may make you feel unwell but are generally manageable without the need for medical intervention.
• Complications: Colds rarely lead to severe complications, except in individuals with weakened immune systems.
• Treatment: Treatment for a cold mainly focuses on symptom relief. Rest, hydration, over-the-counter cold remedies, and natural remedies are often sufficient.

Flu (Influenza)

• Causes: Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, which is more serious and has different strains (H1N1, H3N2, etc.).
• Symptoms: Flu symptoms are more severe and sudden in onset. They include high fever, chills, muscle aches, fatigue, cough, sore throat, headache, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhoea.
• Duration: The flu can last up to two weeks, with the most severe symptoms occurring during the first few days.
• Severity: The flu is more severe and can lead to complications like pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections, particularly in high-risk populations.
• Complications: The flu is more likely to lead to complications, and it can be life-threatening, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems, the elderly, and young children.
• Treatment: Antiviral medications like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) can help reduce the severity and duration of flu symptoms if taken early. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter symptom relief medications are also recommended.

On A Final Note...

There you have it - a comprehensive guide to the common cold. Remember, prevention is your best ally, but if the sniffles strike, arm yourself with rest, hydration, and a bowl of chicken soup. Stay well, stay warm, and may your tissues be ever at hand.

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for general informational purposes only. Consult with a healthcare professional for personalised advice and treatment.

Arya KrishnanEmergency Medicine

MBBS

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